Hong Ray Corporations™ Pte Ltd

Introduction

Started Since May 2007
A total of

visits to this page.
Thanks For your support!

The useful N-Level Notes site for all Sec4 Normal and Sec4E/5N students taking O-Levels as the topics here are also tested in O-Levels.
This site is published by Lee Hong Rui from Bukit View Secondary School. Any comments or Suggestions should be forwarded to me directly.
For GCE O-Level Notes, visit RAY-Notes 2008

All Notes on this site are summarised for faster revision

Quick Scrollings:

WEP Work,Energy,Power
13 July 2007
Work(Done):
Explain? Always start sentence with "work is done when" instead of "work done refers to"
Ans: Work is done when an object moves in the same direction as the force acting on it.

Work Done = Force x Distance

WD=FD
SI unit: Joule, J

KE (Kinetic Energy)

The ability to do work due to the object's speed.

KE= half x m x v*2

m--Mass
v--Speed

GPE (Gravitational Potential Energy)

The ability to do work due to the object's height.
*GPE can also be said as PE.

PE= m x g x h

m--Mass
g--acceleration due to gravity (may be provided by question)
h--height (distance)

Click here to visit a very useful website featuring very detailed notes on this topic! Recommanded!

CG (Centre of Gravity)
Refers to the Location/Point through which the weight of the object acts through.
-Point of CG = Point of Centre of Mass
-When a cutting through the CG Point, the 2 seperate pieces will have equal mass/weight.

Equilibrium

1) Stable Equilibrium

-An object will return to it's original position after being displaced(Hit/pushed)

2) Unstable Equilibrium

-Object will be unstable falls..

3) Neutral Equilibrium

The object will roll away after being displaced(Hit/pushed)

How to Increase Stability?

Increase Base level.
Decrease CG (Centre of Gravity)

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Properties of Magnets:

A freely-suspended magnet will always come to rest in a North-South direction.
The North pole of the Magnet will always point at the north,South pole of magnet will point at the South.
Magnetic attractions are strongest at the poles>>not exactly the ends of magnet. **Distance between poles in 5/6ths the length of the magnet.
Iron,cobalt,nickel,steels are called magnetic materials because they can be attracted by magnets.
Magnetic materials can be made into magnet but non-magnetic materials cannot.
Like poles repel while unlike poles attract.
To test whether a speciment(material/object) is a magnet or a magnetised magnetic material, use Repulsion method.
Poles- Locations where there is strongest magnetic effects

How to Prove Magnets??
>>Only when same poles is able to repel.

Note that when drawing the lines/arrows, it must always be from the North to South direction!!

Magnetisation
Electrical method

Set up the D.C Circult as with the Solenoid or Steel bar in a North/South direction.
Switch on the circult
Adjust the variable resistor to a suitable resistance.
After some time, switch off the circuit.
The steel bar is now magnetised.

Stroking Method
fig.1

>Stroke the magnet against the steel bar as shown on the fig.1

Demagnetisation
Methods:

Dropping/Hammering
Heating
Electrical Method.:

Electrical Method (Magnetisation)

Set up the a.c. circuit with Solenoid and magnet placed in an E-W Direction.
Switch on the circuit
Adjust the variable resistor to a suitable resistance.
Remove the magnet "slowly" until 2-3metres away.
The magnet is now demagnetised.

Induced Magnetism

-Refers to the passing on of magnetic forces between magnetic materials(See pictures above)

Electric Bell
Diagram1a.

Diagram 1b.

Common Test Questions:
Q1: Will the bell work if the steel spring is made if copper?
Ans: No. Copper is malleable and soft. It will not spring back to original position.

Q2: Will the bell work if the soft iron core is made of steel?
Ans: No. Steel is difficult to magnetise and demagnetise. Once it attracts the iron armature,it does not not let it go easily, even when current is cut.

Material Comparison

Iron	Steel
-When magnetised, is a stronger magnet	When magnetised, not as strong!
Easily Magnetised & Demagnetize.	Difficult to Magnetise & Demagnetise
Electromagnets: Good Temporary magnets	Electromagnets: Good Permanent Magnets.

Practical Electricity

A.C. :Alternative Current
D.C. :Direct Current

Neutral is alway 0V
Live is between 230V--240V

When there is current in Live wire, there will be current in Neutral wire

Fuses

Function of a fuse:
A fuse is used to cut off the current supply when excessive current flows through it.

To protect the equipment/appliance from damage.
To prevent wires from overheating;may led to electric fire.

***Available fuse Values(Need to remember the values)
1A, 2A, 5A, 10A, 13A, 15Azz

**A Fuse is always connected to the live wire!
Ans: When excessive current flows,the fuse blows and the appliance will be isolated from high voltage.
.*.User will not be electrocuted when he touches the terminal.

Sockets

Earth wire: Green OR Green&Yellow

Neutral wire: Blue

Live wire: Brown

3 Extreme Important Formulars!

V=RxI	Voltage=Resistance x Current	V R \| I
P=VxI	Power=Voltage x Current	P V \| I
E=PxT	Energy=Power x Time	E P \|T

Note that you must remember these formulars! Surely will come out in Exams!

>Look at the formulars on the right of the table.
Examples:

To find Voltage, just cover the "V" on the formular and there will be R | I which means RxI (Resistance x Current)
To find Time, cover the "T" on the formular and it will show

E
P

which means E devide P (Energy devide Power)

V-Voltage
P-Power
E-Energy
I-Current
R-Resistance
T-Time

Electrostatics

(Static Electicity)

Static Charge and Electric Current

a)Current Electricity is the type of electricity where charges are flowing.

b)An electricity is actually an external flow of electrons(Negative) from the negative pole to the positive pole.

c)Direction of electron flow is opposite the direction of the conventional current.

2. Insulators-Materials that electricity cannot flow through.
Conductors-Materials that allow electricity can flow through.

3) Current is measured as the amount of electricity Charge flowing in unit time.
Thus an electric current is the rate of flow of charges

4) Unit of Charge: Coulomb (C).

5) Formular of current,charge and time:
Current=(Charge Time)
-Express in Symbols, Q= IXS

6) Current of 1 ampere(A)= Charges flowing at the rate of 1C/S.

7) Instrument used to measure current is Ammeter,Connected in series.

2 Properties of Charges:

1) 2 types-Positive(+ve), Negative(-ve)

2) Like Charges repel while unlike charges attract.

**Only Negative Charges(-ve) moves.

Applications:

-Lightning Rods

-Electrostatic

-Spray painting

le-1.6X10-19C

=1/1.6X10-19 1C

Calculator method:

1 Divide 1.6 EXP +/- 19

=6.25X1018

Current Electricity

Current is the rate of flow of charge.

I = Q / t

I = Current

Q= Charge
t = Time

*Quest: Which of the following is a unit of current?

(a) J/S

(b) C/S

(c) S/C

(d) Volts

Ans: C/S

Current direction

-->+ve to -ve (Positive-Negative)

*Note: Ammeter can be measured from any part of the circuit!

Ammeter;

-connection in series

-Ideal ammeter-zero resistance!

Questions:

1(a) Current electricity is the type of electricity where the charges are flowing/moving.

(b)An electric current is actually an external flow of electrons (Negative) from the negative pole of the
battery to the positive pole of the battery

However, the direction of conventional current is taken to be the direction of flow of Positive charges.
(c) Thus, the direction of electron flow is opposite to the direction of conventional current.

2. Insulators are materials that do not allow electric current to flow through them while conductors allow electric current to flow through them.

3. Current is measured as the amount of electric charge flowing in unit time. Thus an electric current is the rate of flow of charges.

*4.The unit of charge is the Coulomb(C).

5.The quantities current, charge and time a reconnected by the equation:

Express in symbols, Q= .

6. A current of one ampere (A) means charges are flowing at the rate of 1 C/s.

7. The instrument used to measure current is called the Ammeter and it is connected in series to a circuit.
-In a series circuit, there is only one single conducting path or loop.

Resistence,Voltage, Current.

SI UNIT:

Resistence-R
Current- I
Voltage- V=RI

Resistence is measured in "Ohms".

1000Ohms=1Kilo-ohms OR 1K.

Current is measured in "Ampheres"(A)

1000miliAmpheres=1Amphere OR 1A.

Voltage is measure in Volts (V)

note:"/" = Over.
examp: 1/2 = half

Measuring resistence:

Types of Connection:

In series:
R1+R2+R3....= .

In Parallel:
1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3= .

Example:
1/20 + 1/10 + 1/5 (change to same denorminators first)
=1/20 + 2/20 + 4/20
=7/20
resistence=20/7

***Important note!
When resistors connected in parallel, the total resistence of the resistors will always be smaller than the smallest value resistor!!!

Potential difference = Voltage.

Voltage- measure using Voltmeter (connected in parallel)
Current- measure using Ammeter (connection in series)

In a series circuit, the higher the resistence of the resistor, the higher the voltage flowing across it.

Unit 6.04
Melting,Boiling&Evaporating

3States Of Matter:
>Solid-has a definite shape and a definite volume,Shape is usually difficult to change.

>Liquid-Has a fixed volume.Flows easily;change its shape to fit the shape of its container.

>Gas-Has neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape;changes its volume and shape to fix its container.Flows easily.
Note:Gases and liquids are called fluids.

Changes of state:

Change states:Needs heat energy
S-L=Melting
L-G=evaporating
G-L=Condensation
L-S=Freezing

*Melting
-Changes from solid to liquid
-For pure substance,melting occurs at a definite temperature.
-During melting process, Heat energy is needed to add into the substance.

*Freezing
-Changes from liquid to solid
-For pure substance,freezing occurs at a definite temperature.
-During melting process,Heat energy is taken away from the substance.

Effect of Impurities on the Melting Point of Water:
Any Impurities added to pure water lowers its melting(Freezing) point.
Example,100g of salt is added to 1000g of water,the melting point is lowered by about 4*C.

Effect of Pressure on the Melting Point of Water:
In general, the melting point of ice is lowered when it is subjected to pressure.

Because ice changes to water, its volume decreases.
If high pressure is applied to ice,it cause the volume to decrease and thus helps the ice to change to water.

*Boiling
-Boiling is the process in which a substance changes from liquid state to gaseous state.
-A pure substance boils at a definite temperature is known by its boiling point.
-Heat energy is needed to supply to the liquid.

*Condensation
-Changes from gas to liquid.
-A pure substance will condense at a definite temperature.

Effect of Impurities on the Boiling Point of Water:
Impurities added to pure water raise its boiling Point.
Example,100g of salt is added to 1000g of water, the boiling point of water is raise by 1*C.

Effect of Pressure on the Boiling Point of Water:
Usually,higher pressure applied to water will oppose expansion and therefore oppose boiling.
Hence,the boiling point of water increases the external pressure increases.

Changing Boiling Point:
If the air pressure is greater than 1 atmosphere,water boils above 100*C. If the pressure is lower than 1 atmosphere,water boils below 100*C.

*Evaporation
-As a liquid warms up,the average speed of the molecule in it gets larger.
-However,not all molecules moving with same speed,some move faster & some move slower.
-Some molecules near the surface of the liquid have enough energy to escape.
-They evaporate from liquid to form a vapour,Process is called "Evaporation".
-Evaporation makes the liquid cooler because the faster(hotter) molecules escape,leaving behind the slower(colder) molecules.

Factors affecting the Rate of Evaporation:
1)Temperature:
Higher the temperature,faster the rate of evaporation.
2)Area of the exposed surface:
The larger the exposed area,the faster is the rate of evaporation
3)Humidity of surrounding air :
Higher the humidity,slower the rate of evaporation.
4)Pressure: The lower the external pressure,the faster the rate of evaporation.

==END OF TOPIC==

Chemistry

Science-Chemistry

Topic: Chemical Bonds
Updated on 14 Augest 2007

An atom have a nucleus which contains Protons and neutrons.
If An Atom:

gains electrons, it becomes positively charged Ions
Loses electrons, it become Negatively charged Ions

Isotopes- Atoms with same no. of Protons, Different no. of Neutrons.

Non-Metal + Non-Metal = Covalent Bond
Metal + Non-Metal = Ionic Bond

Ionic Bond

High boiling and melting point
Can conduct electricity in molten state
Ionic compounds dissolve in water but not in Organic solvents

Convalent Compound

Low melting and boiling point
Cannot conduct electricity
Can dissolve in water but not in organic solvents

Metals gives out electrons

Non-metals takes in electrons

Electronic shell must have a Electronic Configuration of 2.8.8...(In order to be stable)
2 = First Shell
8 = Second Shell
8 = Thrid Shell (If this is the outer shell then it must be 8 to be stable)

Unstable- 2.8.6
To make it stable, Just put in 2 more electron to make it 2.8.8 (Stable)
-The ion will be negatively charged after adding electrons.

Unstable- 2.8.2
To make it stable, simply take away 2 electrons from the 3rd shell to make it 2.8 (Stable because outer shell is 8)
-The ion will be positively charged after losing electrons.

Topic:Metals and Their Extraction 1

*Physical Properties Of Metals

High boiling point.
Conduct electricity
Shiny,Can be polished
Malleable,Can be bend without break.
Ductile,Can be stretch
High Density

*ALLOYS

An alloy is mixture of metals and other element.
Usually metallic element.
e.g: Brass,Bronze...

Properties of an Alloy

Alloys-much harder and stronger than pure metals.
Pure metals are too soft because the layers of atoms can easily slide over one another.
Alloys are harder and stronger because the atoms of two metals are of different sizes thus it is harder for them to slide over each other.

Reativity Series

Symbol

K    Potassium << Most Reactive.
Na Sodium
Ca Calcium
Mg Magnesium
Al   Aluminium
Zn   Zinc
Fe   Iron
Pb   Lead
Cu Copper      << Less reactive.

To remember the reactivity series, just memorise the Phrases!
PSC      MAZI     LC

Rusting occurs when there is a scratch on the surface of a material which allows contact of water and air.
Prevention of rusting (Break contact between Air and Water)

Applying grease/oil.
Spray paint on surface
Coat material with zinc
Use Stainless steel.

pH & Universal Indicator

>Strong acid turn universal indicator RED
>Weak acid turn universal indicator ORANGE
>Strong alkalis turn universal indicator VIOLET
>Weak alkalis turn universal indicator Blue
>Water(Neutral) turn universal indicator GREEN

-Fruits that are too acidic are not good to an empty stomach.

Remember:
pH1-Strongest Acid
pH14-Strongest Alkalis
pH7-Neutral

Geography

Combined Humanities- Geography

New Chapter(Title coming soon)

Multi-National Corporations (MNCs)/Trans-National Corporations

- They are large buisiness organisations that have offices and factories in many countries.
eg. Japan--Toshiba, Sony, Mitsubitshi
USA-- Microsoft, Ford, Dell, Nike
Britain-B.P,Shell

Reasons why the MNC shift out from their home countries..

Labour costs in other countries are cheaper
Developing countries are usually strike-free(Uninterupted Production)
Availability of raw materials in developing countries.
Economies of scale--> the company breaks up the production

eg. Ford: Engine-Mexico
Car Body- Cubn

Possible N-Levels Question:
Q: Why do developing countries want MNCs to locate in their countries?

MNCs provide employment for the local populations.
These jobs helps to increase salary which increses standard of living.
MNCs pay taxes to the government and used in developing the country.
MNCs share technologies with the local companies.
MNCs contribute to charities.
MNCs work with local industries eg: Mitsubitshi Motors provide car engines for Proton cars in Malaysia.

**Possible problems caused by MNCs to developing countries:

MNCs may shift out their operations to other countries offering cheaper production costs. This results in lose of jobs.
They may cause pollution to countries where the environment laws ae weak.
May become too powerful and control the government! eg. Shell controls the oil industry in Nigeria,government is afriad of Shell.
MNCs who are bigger will cause local industries to become bankrupt.

Space Shrinking Technologies

eg. e-mail,airplane

-Instant communication like e-mail & long distance phones have enabled businesses to
relay messeges instantly to other business far away in other countries.

Unit:Plantation

BENEFITS OF PLANTATIONS

Create Jobs/employment to>100,000 malaysians.
Help raise standards of living.
Plantation provides raw materials for other industries eg.Cooking Oil.

Problems

Shortage of labour
Competitor from other substitutes such as soybean.

Solutions

Hire foreign workers like Indonesians.
Automate-Machines to replace workers.
Research to improve palm.
Advertise overseas.

2 of the few processes of Palm Processing
Palm tree:

Transport: Oil palm fruits have to be processed on the day of harvest to minimize the accumation of fatty acids which will make them spoil.
Sterilisation: Harvested fruits are sent to be sterilized by steam at about 1400*C between 75--90minutes. It loosens the fruit and aids in extraction of the oil.

Unit:Changing Tourism

1.(a) (i)Define "tourism".
It refers to the movement of people to other places to engage in leisure activities.

(ii) Distinguish between "domestic" and "international" tourist.
Domestic tourists refers to visitors who visit tourist attractions within their own country wheras, international tourist refer to visitors who visit another countries to engage in tourist activities.

(b) 4 reasons people travel:

To seek leisure/pleasure.
Buisiness purposes
Travel for pilgrimage-e.g haj
Visit Friends,relatives.

1)With reference to examples which you have studied,describe the 4 "A"s that make up an attracting tourist destination.
Ans:
^Attraction refers to anything that attracts tourists.

In Singapore,there are 4 types of attractions, namely: Natural, Man-made, Cultural and Event Attractions.

For natural attractions people like to enjoy the warm sun in Singapore.Some enjoy hiking up Bukit Timah Hill. As for cultural,places like Little India and Chinatown have traditional arts and crafts to attract tourists.
Man-made attractions are artifically created with certain themes e.g. Zoo and latest would be two Intergrated Resorts(IR). Singapore also continue organising events throughout the year to draw tourist such as concerts,musicals and festivals like Chigay,as well as sports event.

Factors Of Tourism:

*Attraction:
>Natural
>Man-made
>Cultural
>event

*Accessibility-A ease by which a place can be reached.(S'pore)
>Air-Changi
Link to 88 cities
Upgraded T1,T2,T3,BT

>Land-
2nd Link,
Causeway

Q: Why has tourism become such an important industry in the world today?

Ans: Today, tourism is an important source of revenue and employment for millions world wide.

Q:Describe the reasons which have resulted in tourist becoming a worldwide phenomenon in the 21st Century?
Ans:

Increasing world populaton.
Better Technology like bigger planes which provide cheaper airfares and more remote destinations can be easily reached.
More people travelling for business networking.
People becoming more educated so are more curious which increases desire to travel.
More people living in busy cities and want to get away from stressful lifestyle.
Internet connection allows travellers to plan & book their trips online(more convenience)

Q: Which country has the highest number of tourist to S'pore?
Ans: India

Q: What is the role of the STB? (S'pore Tourism Board)
Ans:

Campaigns to draw tourist here. e.g. "Uniquely Singapore"
Work with private sectors to organise events. e.g. "Great Singapore Sale", Light-up at Orchard Road.
Advertise overseas.

Environment Input of Tourism

Positive

1) Convert old buildings like thoses at Clarke Quay into tourist attractions> preserve the old buildings.
-Alfresco Dining (Outdoor)

2) Encourage the cleaning up of the environment.
eg. Singapore River clearing up since 1980 to a river that can be used for leisure activities.

3) Promote conservations of old buildings eg.Little India,Geylang serai.

Negative

1) Mass tourism lead to pollution in the environment.
2) The taking of seashells,corals can destroy the natural environment.
3) Forest are cleared when hotels are build,this causes plants to be destroyed and animals to become extinct.

Social-Cultural Impact:

Positive
1) There will be a mixing of locals and tourists. They will learn to respect each other's culture.
-important in a multi-racial society like S'pore.
2) Make tourist more proud of their culture when tourist admire their buildings.

Ecotourism

Important questions that is common in exams!

(a) Define term "ecotourism" (What is ecotourism)

Ans: Ecotourism is defined as responsible tourism to natural places without damaging the environment. Tourists travelling between the areas can use bicycle instead of private car.

(b)(i) How tourism can be responsible without damaging the environment.

Ans: When visiting the National Parks,use public transport or ride bicycle or take a boat
to reduce the pollution to environment.

(ii) How tourism can also be seen as an educational experience.

Ans: Staying in farms is an educational experience as it allows tourists to experience & learn how farmers live and work.

(iii) How tourism benefited the local people?

Ans:Tourists are encouraged to buy products that are locally made instead of these made from factories.This helps to stimulate the local environment.

Photo taken during BVSS Humanities Trip to Manado,Indonesia

Social Studies-Notes

Social Studies Revison:

Updated on 26 Augest 2007 (Sat)

Sustaining Singapore's Development In The 21st Century

External Factors that affect singapore:

Economic Slowdown

-Singapore is highly dependent on her trade with other countries so if there is a slowdown in other country, singapore will be affected.

eg. When there is a currency crisis in Southeast Asia,

S'pore was affected.
Social-Political unrest in other countries

-S'pore have to bear the blunt of war even if they were not started by Singapore.
Environment Crisis.

-Air and Water pollution that drift towards S'pore will affect the lives of people and operation of business.

eg.Haze from the Indonesian forest fires cause the people living in Singapore to fall ill and also increased the prices of vegetables from Malaysia as their plantation agriculture products were affected.

Economic Strategies for Sustaining Development

>>Movement towards a Knowledge-Based Economy

Improving Worker's Employability

-Workers are encouraged to upgrade their skills to remain employable.

-NTUC pays 80% of the training costs for retrenched Union workers.

-Workers are encouraged to be well-equipped with Information Technology (IT)
Importing of Foreign Technologies

-Encouraging Multinational Cooperations to operate in S'pore as they can share technology with the local companies.
Attracting Foreign Talents

-Attracting foreign talents can help S'pore build up her network talent around the world
Promoting R&D

-Necessary because S'pore needs to develop her own tlent pools and create her own technologies.

Creation of IT Infrastructure

An up-to-date IT Infrastructure will enhance the competiveness and efficiency of Singpore.

Environment Strategies

Improving Infrastructure for waste deposal

-There are six plants for treatment of human waste.

-They are compact and covered structures build by the government and helps to save space and reduce foul smells.
Using improved Technology and Processes

-They provide a cleaner environment

-eg. Nature gas with lesser pollutants are used in power stations.
Preserving Nature Sites

-5% of the land in S'pore are preserved as nature sites.

-These sites house a wide range of natural habitat which can be used for recreation, eduacational and scientific research

Summarised Notes for Sri Lanka

Reasons for Sri Lankan Conflict:

Citizenship Rights

-After Sri Lanka gained independence, the Tamils lost citizenship and became stateless.

-Granted Citizenship only to those born in Sri Lanka or grandfathers were born there.

-Indian Tamils were denied basic rights such as voting and yet they continue to work and contribute for the Sri Lankan Economy.
Jobs in the Government Service

-English-educated Tamils could enter the government service and get promoted.

-The Sinhalese who does not know english could not enter.

-To improve position of the Sinhalese,the Sri Lankan Government made Sinhala the only language of administration.

-The Tamils were given 3 years to learn Sinhala or be dismissed.

-Tamil is then made the language of administration in the Northern & Eastern Provinces where there are more tamils.
University Criteria

-There was an equal number of Sinhalese and Tamils in the same courses, numbers are not proportionate to the population in the country.

-Changes were made to the criteria to allow more Sinhalese students to enter these courses.

-Tamils were unable to obtain necessary academic qualifications needed to secure jobs.

Consequences of Conflict:

Armed Conflict

-Tamils turned violent when their demands were still not met and still be treated as second-class citizens.

-Tamil United Liberation Front was formed as demanded for separate state called “Tamil Eelam”.

-Demands Rejected>> Tamil youths form “Tamil Tigers” and started attacking the Tamils who did not support them then the Sinhalese.
Economic Problem

-Bread winners in families are killed in riots.

-Massive unemployment among the factory and plantation workers.

-Fall in tourist arrival which led to unemployment

-Loss of foreign investment; Investors not confident.

Mathematics Summary Notes

Math Notes (Scanned)

Design & Technology

Design and Technology (D&T)

No notes are currently available in this section.
N-Level Topic 2007

Ministry Of Education,Singapore
N-Level 2007
Design&Technology
Paper 2 Project theme

Design Project
The topic area for the project is FUN and HUMOUR.

The project has 2 parts:
Part A-The Design Folio
Part B-The Artefact

The Design Brief is to:
"Design and make a artefact in response to the theme Fun and Humour"

The theme Fun & Humour will provide many situations from which a design problem can be identified.You may wish to think of different situations where Fun&Humour is part of the design brief,
For example:
-Games&Toys
-Jokes&Novelties
-Magical tricks and illusions
-Making learning fun
-Fun items which help children or adults recover from illness.
-Use of comic/cartoon charactors in artefacts
-Outdoor games and activities
-Entertainment for young and old
-Gifts for festivals or celebrations

Or any other situation or design problem area which you may identify that involves a response to the theme Fun and Humour.

A The Design Folio

The folio is to consist of a number of maximum size A3 sheets which show how the design task is investigated and the solution developed.
It should contain sections devoted to the following aspects and typically will consist of the number of pages indicated in brackets.
The number of pages is given as a guide only. Items are to be in the order given with pages numbered and cross referenced with the list of contents.

(i)List of contents-(1pg)

(ii)Analysis of Brief(1-2 pg)
Identification of a range of situations relating to the theme.

Identification of a specific design task

(iii)Design Specification(1-2 pg)
Requirements to be met by the design solution.

(iv)Design Ideas(1-2 pg)
Exploration of a range of possible ideas,including consideration of appropriate technologies,leading to one for development.

(v)Design development(2-3 pg)
A detailed development of the selected idea including suitable materials and detailes of construction.

(vi)Final design(1-2 pg)
Drawings of the proposed solution

(vii)Production plan(1-2 pg)
A list of the processes to be used in the order of making.A stage by stage procedure for the more complex processes

(viii)Evaluation(1 pg)
Judgement on how well the solution meets the needs, and suggestions for the improvement.

B The Artefact

You should do your best to show your highest standards of work in handling materials, your accuracy and quality of finish.

Your artefact should demonstrate originality and inventiveness,be aesthetically pleasing and include the use of appropriate technologies.

***End of N-Level Paper***

Don't Give up so soon!

There's always Hope!

Nothing is Too Late!